AS Issues and Debates

9(a) From the study by Yamamoto et al. (chimpanzee helping): 2 Outline what is meant by altruism. 1 mark per correct point. e.g. The willingness to help / doing certain things for someone else (1 mark) even if it disadvantages yourself / gain no benefit (1 mark). 9(b) Outline what is meant by targeted helping. 2 1 mark per correct point. e.g. To select an appropriate tool / offer appropriate advice; To help someone else / a chimpanzee solve a task; As the person/chimpanzee giving the help understands the demands of the situation; © UCLES 2023 Page 9 of 11 9(c) Explain one similarity and one difference between the study by 8 Yamamoto et al. (chimpanzee helping) and the study by Pepperberg (parrot learning). 4 marks available for the similarity. 4 marks available for the difference. Creditworthy points include: sample/sampling, ethics, quantitative data, species used. Level Descriptor Mark 4 The similarity/difference is well explained using both 4 marks studies as examples. 3 The similarity/difference is well explained/described 3 marks but only one study is used as an example OR both studies used briefly. 2 The similarity/difference is brief with an attempt at 2 marks using at least one study as an example OR The similarity/difference is well explained but there is no study evidence. 1 The similarity/difference is brief with no attempt at 1 mark using studies as examples. 0 No creditworthy material. 0 marks e.g. similarity 4 marks Both of the studies used animals/non-humans as participants. Yamamoto used a group of chimpanzees in a Primate Research Laboratory whilst Pepperberg used a solitary African Grey parrot. Therefore, they would have to adhere to the same ethical guidelines of housing etc. 3 marks Both of the studies used animals/non-humans as participants. Yamamoto used a group of chimps to test helping and Pepperberg used a parrot to test his comprehension. 2 marks Both of the studies used animals/non-humans as participants. Yamamoto used a group of chimps.1 mark Both studies used animals/non-humans as participants. © UCLES 2023 Page 10 of 11