Classification, biodiversity and conservation

2(a)(i) Canis ; 1 2(a)(ii) any three from: 3 1 decrease in biodiversity ; 2 prey of grey wolf / herbivores, (may) increase in number ; 3 (leads to) overgrazing ; A herbivores would decrease plant populations 4 change in, ecosystem / habitat / food web ; 5 change in genetic variation ; 6 over many years ; © UCLES 2021 Page 7 of 22 2(b) any two from: 2 1 difficult to capture ; 2 dangerous (to humans) ; 3 large territory (so unlikely to recapture) ; 4 migration ; 5 may not mix with other wolves ; 6 small, sample size / populations (so inaccurate) ; 2(c)(i) (+)257 / 260 ; 1 2(c)(ii) any three from: 3 1 overall increase in grey wolf numbers ; 2 decrease in Sierra Morena population ; 3 alpine population is new population ; 4 data quote ; 5 increase in, territory / area, for, Iberian / Italian, populations ; 6 AVP ; e.g. alpine population arose from, dispersal / migration, of Italian population © UCLES 2021 Page 8 of 22 2(d)(i) any one from: 1 1 compensation scheme (for loss of livestock) ; 2 idea of protection of livestock ; e.g. build, fences / enclosures 3 allow controlled culling (of wolves) ; 4 move individual wolves to (wild) areas away from livestock ; 2(d)(ii) any three from: 3 1 reserves / national parks ; 2 education / (public) awareness programmes ; 3 research qualified ; e.g. habitat, diet, reproduction 4 ban, hunting / trade (of wolf products) ; 5 monitor populations ; 6 AVP ; I ref. to zoos, captive breeding © UCLES 2021 Page 9 of 22

9(a) any eight from: 8 Eukarya v Bacteria 1 nucleus v no, nucleus / nuclear envelope ; 2 linear DNA v circular DNA / plasmid ; 3 histone proteins associated with DNA v no histone proteins ; 4 (double) membrane-bound organelles v no membrane-bound organelles ; ignore named organelles 5 80S ribosomes v 70S ribosomes ; 6 cell wall sometimes present v cell wall always present ; 7 cell wall (if present) made of cellulose / chitin v cell wall made of peptidoglycans ; 8 cells divide by mitosis v cells divide by binary fission ; I ref. to meiosis 9 (can be) multicellular v unicellular ; 10 AVP ; e.g. differences in flagellum structure © UCLES 2021 Page 19 of 22 9(b) any seven from: 7 1 botanic gardens ; 2 research ; 3 controlled named growing conditions ; e.g. light / water / nutrients / temperature 4 propagation / named method ; e.g. cuttings / tissue culture / controlled pollination 5 plant back to natural environment ; 6 seed banks / collect seeds ; 7 detail of seed storage ; e.g. low oxygen / low moisture / low temperature 8 seeds regularly, tested for viability / re-stocked ; A description 9 maintain genetic diversity / genetic material preserved / acts as a gene bank ; 10 can be germinated prior to introduction back into natural habitat ; 11 ref. to CITES ; 12 ref. to (conservation) projects in situ / named example ; e.g. remove alien species / forestry project © UCLES 2021 Page 20 of 22

3(a)(i) any three from: 3 (individuals / organisms / members of a species are similar / same) 1 morphologically ; 2 physiologically ; 3 biochemically ; 4 genetically ; 5 ecologically / occupy same niche ; 6 behaviourally ; 7 can (inter)breed to form fertile offspring ; 8 reproductively isolated (from other species) ; 9 share, an evolutionary lineage / recent common ancestor ; 10 share a, binomial / Linnaean, name ; 3(a)(ii) domain: Eukarya ; 2 kingdom: Animalia ; 3(a)(iii) any two from: 2 1 classification / taxonomy, reflects / shows / depends on, evolutionary / phylogenetic, relationships ; 2 organisms / species, that, are closely related / share recent common ancestor, should be classified together ; 3 help identify, larger taxonomic groups / orders / families / genera ; 4 AVP ; 3(b)(i) (1478 × 103 × 2 =) 304 468 ; 1 3(b)(ii) any three from: 3 1 to, store / analyse / process ; 2 large quantity of data ; 3 to, compare / match, (many) sequences ; 4 to, calculate / measure / quantify, (percentage), similarity / difference ; 5 ref. to fast / accurate / efficient ; © UCLES 2021 Page 8 of 16

3(a)(i) any three from: 3 1 multicellular ; 2 have, specialised cells / tissues / organs ; 3 heterotrophic / described ; 4 ref. to nervous system ; 5 vacuoles / vesicles, are, small / temporary / not permanent ; 6 are eukaryotes / have eukaryotic cells ; 7 detail of eukaryote ; e.g. nucleus / (named) membrane-bound organelle / 80s ribosomes 8 ref. to mobility ; 3(a)(ii) any three from: 3 1 records / assesses, biodiversity ; 2 so conservation decisions can be made / AW ; 3 example of conservation action 1 ; 4 example of conservation action 2 ; e.g. (IUCN) red list of threatened species / identifying endangered species (CITES) regulation of trade ref. assisted reproduction or ref. captive breeding seed banks place in, zoos / national parks / marine parks / botanical gardens 5 (taxonomic hierarchy is) internationally, recognised / standardised / AW ; © UCLES 2021 Page 8 of 22 3(a)(iii) any two from: 2 1 (yes because as number of species has increased) biodiversity has increased ; 2 (idea of no because) numbers of new species that are being discovered are greater than the numbers of species becoming extinct ; 3 (idea of no because) does not assess number of individuals in a species ; 4 AVP ; e.g. some species only exist in captivity 3(a)(iv) insects 2 1024945(×100 ) ; 1438805 71 ; ecf – accept 1 mark if wrong data chosen e.g. insects 1024945(×100 )=86 arthropods 1191770 arthropods 1191770 (×100 )=83 animals 1438805 3(b)(i) any two from: 2 1 habitat loss / habitat fragmentation / urbanisation / building / deforestation ; 2 insecticides / pesticides / farming / agriculture / fertilizers ; I pollution 3 new / increase in, predators / diseases / parasites ; 4 food shortage / increased competition (for food) ; © UCLES 2021 Page 9 of 22 3(b)(ii) any two from: 2 1 Bt toxin (only) kills, specific insects / insects that feed on the crops ; 2 reduces use of, insecticides / pesticides ; 3 idea that insects survive to pollinate plants ; Question Answer Marks

3(a)(i) any two from: 2 1 differences in, morphology / phenotype / characteristics ; 2 differences in, physiology / biochemistry ; 3 genetic differences / AW ; 4 differences in behaviour ; 5 differences in ecological niche ; 6 isolated, populations / species or found in different geographical areas / AW or reproductively isolated / AW ; 3(a)(ii) any two from: 2 1 mate them together ; 2 see if offspring can interbreed / see if offspring are fertile; 3 ref. to bioinformatics investigation / described ; 3(b) any two from: 2 1 Fungi ; 2 Protoctist(a) ; 3 Prokaryota(e) / Prokaryote ; I bacteria © UCLES 2021 Page 8 of 22 3(c) any four from: 4 1 hard to control / may become invasive / AW ; 2 may lack predators ; 3 may lack herbivores ; 4 may, prey on / parasitise, local / native, species / organisms ; 5 may compete with, local / native, species / organisms ; A description e.g. eat their food supply 6 may decrease, biodiversity / species richness / species abundance / AW ; 7 may have effects on, food web / ecosystem ; 8 may introduce diseases ; 3(d) any two from: 2 1 ban on African fruit should be lifted ; 2 can export more fruit / can export fruit to Asia / find new overseas markets ; 3 economic benefit / more work / more opportunities for farmers / social benefit ; © UCLES 2021 Page 9 of 22

3(a) any four from: 4 1 use random sampling (technique) ; 2 repeat and find mean / multiply estimates up for whole area ; 3 (frame) quadrats to measure, plants / vegetation / stationary organisms ; 4 detail of using quadrat ; 5 mark-release-recapture for (named) animals ; 6 detail of, trapping / marking, (named) animals ; 7 calculate / use, Simpson’s index (of diversity) ; 8 species richness and, (relative) abundance / species evenness ; 9 AVP ; © UCLES 2021 Page 8 of 21 3(b) any four from: 4 1 climate change / end of (last) ice age / (global / local) warming ; 2 arctic fox, species / population, not well-adapted / unable to adapt ; 3 hunting, removed / caused extinction of, lynx / large predators ; 4 introduction of, named / alien / invasive / domestic, species / animal ; 5 may, eat / compete with / spread disease to, native, species / animal ; 6 overgrazing problem explained ; 7 may, change / destroy / disrupt, habitats / food webs ; 8 AVP ; © UCLES 2021 Page 9 of 21 3(c) any five from: 5 1 obtain, healthy / fertile / wild-caught / captive bred, (founder) animals ; 2 ref. to genetic, variation / diversity / testing ; 3 (consider if), sufficient / suitable, habitat / area, available ; 4 (consider if) sufficient, prey / food, available ; 5 public safety advice / education ; 6 (organise) compensation for farmers who lose livestock ; 7 outlaw, killing / disturbing, lynx ; 8 (plan to) monitor, lynx / other animal / prey, populations ; 9 (plan to) cull / control / use contraceptives, if population, grows too much / spreads too far ; 10 AVP ; Question Answer Marks

5(a) Fig. 5.1: species ; 3 Fig. 5.2: genetic ; Fig. 5.3: habitat / ecosystem ; © UCLES 2021 Page 14 of 24 5(b)(i) plants: 4 1 quadrats ; 2 transects ; 3 ref. to use, ACFOR / Braun-Blanquet or estimate percentage cover (of species) count species calculate plus species abundance record species density AW species frequency ; insects: 4 pooters / pitfall traps / nets / light traps / sugar traps ; 5 mark-release-recapture ; accept in either section: 6 (identification) keys ; 5(b)(ii) estimate biodiversity: Simpson’s index (of biodiversity) ; 2 test relationship: Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient / Spearman’s rank correlation ; © UCLES 2021 Page 15 of 24 5(c) any three from: 3 negative 1 smaller crop area so lower yield ; 2 prairie strip insects may feed on crop ; 3 (so) less, profit / income ; must be linked to mp1 or mp2 positive 4 (soil) more fertile / described, so higher yield ; 5 less / no, fertiliser / phosphorus compounds / nitrogen compounds, used ; ignore minerals 6 (so) more, profit / income or reduction in expenses ; must be linked to mp4 or mp5 © UCLES 2021 Page 16 of 24

3(a) any four from: 4 1 use random sampling (technique) ; 2 repeat and find mean / multiply estimates up for whole area ; 3 (frame) quadrats to measure, plants / vegetation / stationary organisms ; 4 detail of using quadrat ; 5 mark-release-recapture for (named) animals ; 6 detail of, trapping / marking, (named) animals ; 7 calculate / use, Simpson’s index (of diversity) ; 8 species richness and, (relative) abundance / species evenness ; 9 AVP ; © UCLES 2021 Page 8 of 21 3(b) any four from: 4 1 climate change / end of (last) ice age / (global / local) warming ; 2 arctic fox, species / population, not well-adapted / unable to adapt ; 3 hunting, removed / caused extinction of, lynx / large predators ; 4 introduction of, named / alien / invasive / domestic, species / animal ; 5 may, eat / compete with / spread disease to, native, species / animal ; 6 overgrazing problem explained ; 7 may, change / destroy / disrupt, habitats / food webs ; 8 AVP ; © UCLES 2021 Page 9 of 21 3(c) any five from: 5 1 obtain, healthy / fertile / wild-caught / captive bred, (founder) animals ; 2 ref. to genetic, variation / diversity / testing ; 3 (consider if), sufficient / suitable, habitat / area, available ; 4 (consider if) sufficient, prey / food, available ; 5 public safety advice / education ; 6 (organise) compensation for farmers who lose livestock ; 7 outlaw, killing / disturbing, lynx ; 8 (plan to) monitor, lynx / other animal / prey, populations ; 9 (plan to) cull / control / use contraceptives, if population, grows too much / spreads too far ; 10 AVP ; Question Answer Marks

9(a) 1 individuals (within a population) can, breed / mate / reproduce ; 3 2 to produce fertile offspring ; 3 are reproductively isolated (from other species) / AW ; 9(b) any one from: 1 1 for organisms that, do not breed sexually / are asexual ; 2 for, fossil / extinct, organisms ; 3 morphological differences are easier to determine ; 4 often not possible to observe reproductive behaviour ; 5 time required for mating behaviour may take too long (to be observed) / not possible to achieve conditions in which mating can occur (while being observed) ; © UCLES 2022 Page 20 of 22 9(c) any four from: 4 max three: 1 both are prokaryotes or both have no, nucleus / (double) membrane-bound organelles ; 2 both have circular DNA ; 3 both have 70S ribosomes ; 4 both reproduce by, binary fission / budding / fragmentation ; max three: 5 bacteria cell wall made of peptidoglycan whereas Archaea cell wall does not have peptidoglycan ; 6 bacteria cell membrane has ester-linked lipids whereas Archaea cell membrane has ether-linked lipids ; 7 have different ribosomal RNA ; 8 Bacteria do not have (DNA associated with) histones whereas Archaea do have (DNA associated with) histones ; 9 Bacteria form spores whereas Archaea do not form spores ; © UCLES 2022 Page 21 of 22

8(a)(i) any three from: 3 1 habitat loss ; 2 for, agriculture / building / roads / forestry / mines / development ; 3 hunting / fishing ; 4 collecting plants ; 5 humans aid spread of (animal / plant) disease ; 6 humans aid spread of, alien / invasive / competing, species ; 7 (named) pollution / pesticides ; 8(a)(ii) 290007000 290007000 22000 2 1 or ; 20001950 50 50 2 440 ; © UCLES 2022 Page 15 of 19 8(b) any seven from: 7 1 (named) food ; 2 (named) medicines ; 3 wood / fibres / paper / rubber ; 4 genetic diversity for future use ; 5 science / technology / research ; 6 education ; 7 aesthetic / wellbeing ; 8 (eco)tourism / attract visitors ; 9 ethical / moral / stewardship ; 10 local cultural significance ; 11 maintain / protect / stability of, food chains / food webs ; 12 pollination / ecosystem services ; 13 protect against, soil erosion / coastal erosion / flooding ; 14 soil formation ; 15 (named) mineral, cycles / recycling OR ref. to stage in cycle of named element ; 16 climate stability ; © UCLES 2022 Page 16 of 19

10(a) any three from: 3 1 marking, not harmful (described) / cannot be removed (described) ; 2 constant population size ; 3 no, births / deaths (described) or no, immigration / emigration / migration ; 4 (sufficient time for) marked individuals to mix with rest of population ; 5 (penguins are) mobile ; 10(b) any three from: 3 1 loss of habitat / example ; 2 climate change ; 3 predation ; 4 competition for, food / resources / breeding sites / example ; 5 new disease ; 6 pollution / example ; 7 numbers get so low that population can’t recover / AW ; 10(c) 13 000 / 1.3  104 ; 1 © UCLES 2022 Page 21 of 22 10(d) any four from: 4 1 multicellular ; 2 eukaryote / eukaryotic / (cells) contain a nucleus ; 3 specialised cells / tissues / organs ; 4 heterotrophic (nutrition) / described ; 5 nervous system ; 6 cilia / flagella ; 7 mobile / motile ; © UCLES 2022 Page 22 of 22

8(a) any two from: 2 1 loss of habitat / described ; 2 climate change / global warming ; 3 predation ; I hunting 4 competition for, food / resources / breeding sites / example ; A not enough food 5 new disease ; 6 numbers get so low that population can’t recover / AW ; 8(b) any three from: 3 1 trade ban (if species is in danger of extinction) ; 2 if species is not (yet) at risk of extinction permit required ; 3 ref. to border controls / checks ; A fines / punishment if caught 4 (provide countries with) lists of species that are, rare / endangered ; 5 encourages governments, to join CITES / to abide by CITES regulations ; 6 AVP ; e.g. every few years they have a conference with their members © UCLES 2022 Page 19 of 23 8(c) any four from: 4 1 captive breeding / description ; 2 assisted reproduction / example ; 3 reintroduce into the wild ; 4 medical care ; 5 education / public awareness ; 6 research ; 7 projects in the field ; 8 ref. to maintaining genetic databases, to avoid inbreeding or working with other zoos ; © UCLES 2022 Page 20 of 23

1(a) any two from: 2 1 habitat loss ; 2 competition with / disease from, farm / invasive / alien, animals / species ; 3 climate change ; 4 hunting / poaching / killing by humans ; 5 AVP ; 1(b) any three from: 3 1 global / international / worldwide (authority / advisory) ; 2 (to give advice to) conserve / protect, nature / biodiversity / habitats ; 3 assess / categorise, species conservation status ; 4 ref. Red List (of Threatened Species) ; 5 influence, governments / policy ; 6 educate / raise awareness ; 7 AVP ; © UCLES 2022 Page 5 of 19 1(c) any four from: 4 1 mating / IVF / (super-ovulate female plus) AI ; 2 remove embryo (from, mated / artificially inseminated, female) ; 3 check / select, healthy / normal / best, embryos ; 4 may freeze embryos for, storage / later use ; 5 implant embryos in (different female) uterus ; 6 ref. surrogate (mother) ; 7 ref. (named female reproductive) hormone(s) ; 8 AVP ; © UCLES 2022 Page 6 of 19

1(a) any three from: 3 1 Red List ; 2 e.g. threatened / endangered / extinct etc., species ; 3 ref. education / spreads awareness ; 4 provides a global forum for sharing expertise / AW ; 5 provides advice about conservation issues ; 1(b) 1 cattle at edge / old and weak cattle, (easy) for lions to kill (for food) ; 2 2 (so) the remaining cattle can survive / AW ; 1(c) any four from: 4 1 female given, hormone / FSH / gonadotropins ; 2 ref. to superovulation / AW ; 3 (secondary) oocytes / ova, harvested / AW ; Ignore eggs 4 detail of harvest ; e.g. use of fine needle / using ultrasound 5 sperm / semen, added to (secondary) oocytes / ova ; 6 cultured / AW, for several days / until embryo or blastocyst stage ; Ignore number of cells 7 embryo / blastocyst, placed in uterus ; © UCLES 2022 Page 5 of 19

1(a) any two from: 2 1 habitat loss ; 2 competition with / disease from, farm / invasive / alien, animals / species ; 3 climate change ; 4 hunting / poaching / killing by humans ; 5 AVP ; 1(b) any three from: 3 1 global / international / worldwide (authority / advisory) ; 2 (to give advice to) conserve / protect, nature / biodiversity / habitats ; 3 assess / categorise, species conservation status ; 4 ref. Red List (of Threatened Species) ; 5 influence, governments / policy ; 6 educate / raise awareness ; 7 AVP ; © UCLES 2022 Page 5 of 19 1(c) any four from: 4 1 mating / IVF / (super-ovulate female plus) AI ; 2 remove embryo (from, mated / artificially inseminated, female) ; 3 check / select, healthy / normal / best, embryos ; 4 may freeze embryos for, storage / later use ; 5 implant embryos in (different female) uterus ; 6 ref. surrogate (mother) ; 7 ref. (named female reproductive) hormone(s) ; 8 AVP ; © UCLES 2022 Page 6 of 19

10(a) abundance / numbers / population (size) ; 6 Simpson’s ; genes ; alleles ; adapt / evolve ; habitats / niches ; 10(b)(i) 14234−7851 2 ; 12 532 ; © UCLES 2023 Page 19 of 20 10(b)(ii) any four from: 4 fish: 1 overfishing ; 2 (on water / at sea) difficult to enforce protective, laws / regulations or fewer laws to protect fish ; 3 trophy hunting ; 4 climate change qualified ; e.g. increased ocean temperatures / predatory species moving into new areas now water is warmer 5 pollution qualified ; e.g. plastics in the sea / oil spills / eutrophication 6 there are more species of fish than there are species of mammals ; mammals: 7 more conservation projects for mammals / AW ; ora for fish 8 laws in place, banning hunting / protecting mammals ; 9 AVP ; © UCLES 2023 Page 20 of 20

2(a)(i) 1 (self-contained unit containing) community of / all / different, organisms / populations / species, and their interactions ; 2 2 (with the) biotic and abiotic, environment / factors OR with each other and with the physical environment ; 2(a)(ii) role / function, of a species within its, ecosystem / habitat ; 1 2(b)(i) (interrupted belt) transect ; 1 2(b)(ii) were assessed: 3 1 abundance / density / (%) frequency / % cover, of (selected) species ; not assessed: 2 number / range, of (different), ecosystems / habitats ; 3 genetic, variation / diversity (within each species) ; 2(c)(i) Haematopus / Larus ; 1 2(c)(ii) any two from: 2 1 eukaryotic (cells) ; 2 autotrophic / photosynthetic ; 3 cellulose cell wall ; 4 aquatic ; 5 not motile / sessile ; 6 multicellular ; 7 no, vascular tissue / xylem / phloem ; 2(d) any four from: 4 1 rats no longer, prey on / eat, birds / eggs / chicks ; 2 mussels / sea snails, decrease because there are more (named) birds ; 3 seaweeds increase because there are fewer, mussels / (sea) snails ; 4 Hawadax has changed to match a rat-free island ; 5 rats were an, invasive / alien, species / predator ; 6 AVP ; © UCLES 2023 Page 9 of 17

10(a) any three from: 3 1 safe location or protected from, predators / hunters / poachers ; 2 research qualified ; e.g. disease control / into diet / behaviour 3 raise funds ; 4 work with local, communities / governments or conservation projects ; 5 education / raise awareness ; 6 medical / veterinary / health, (care) ; 10(b) any four from: 4 1 unnatural environment / described ; ora 2 effect of captivity on fertility ; 3 refuses to mate ; 4 low availability of suitable mates / AW ; ora 5 stress / pressure ; 6 AVP ; e.g. zoo capacity / zoos control number they breed 10(c) A – fertilisation occurs / sperm or semen added ; 3 B and C – surrogacy / described ; cryopreservation / described ; © UCLES 2023 Page 25 of 25

10(a) any four from: 4 Animalia Plantae 1 no cell walls and cell walls ; 2 no, chlorophyll / chloroplasts and chlorophyll / chloroplasts ; 3 heterotroph and autotroph / photosynthesis ; 4 glycogen and starch ; 5 nervous system and no nervous system ; 6 move from place to place and unable to move from place to place ; 7 no, permanent / central, vacuole and permanent / central, vacuole ; 10(b)(i) 0.860.28 0.58 2 or ; 4 4 0.15 ; or 0.850.28 0.57 or ; 4 4 0.14 ; Allow ecf if divided by 5 and equals 0.12 © UCLES 2023 Page 23 of 24 10(b)(ii) any three from: 3 1 climate change / described ; 2 less food / less watermilfoil ; 3 less, snow / cover, so more predation ; 4 more hunting ; 5 increased competition ; 6 loss of habitat / deforestation ; 7 (new) disease ; © UCLES 2023 Page 24 of 24

2(a) 1 number of / range of (different), ecosystems / habitats ; 2 2 number of species and their relative abundance ; 2(b) any three from: 3 1 to, store / contain, multiple / many, genome / DNA / nucleotide, sequences ; 2 to, align / compare / search, sequences ; 3 to, process / analyse / sort / calculate from, large quantities of data ; 4 to, share / access, data / information from, others / elsewhere ; 5 to save time / fast(er) ; 2(c)(i) Anopheles ; 1 2(c)(ii) three / 3 ; 1 2(d)(i) any three from: 3 1 less able / not able, to, adapt / evolve ; 2 little variation for selection to act on ; 3 few(er) (potentially), useful / beneficial, alleles ; 4 all / most, (could be) killed by same, disease / selection pressure ; 5 if due to small population size this decreases species survival chance ; 2(d)(ii) low(er) genetic variation means high(er), conservation status / threat / vulnerability / endangerment / risk of extinction ; 1 2(d)(iii) any three from: 3 does not support because 1 chimpanzee has, most / highest, genetic variation but is, EN / endangered ; 2 minke whale has (joint), least / lowest, genetic variation but is, LC / least concern ; 3 genetic variation, similar / same, but conservation status is different ; 4 example ; 5 gorilla is, most / critically, endangered but has high(er) genetic variation ; 6 AVP ; e.g. ref. to data limited to only seven species © UCLES 2023 Page 8 of 16

10(a) 1 dye / paint / clipping fur / collar / electronic chip ; 4 2 death / birth / reproduction ; 3 Lincoln ; 4 repeated / replicated ; 10(b) any four from: 4 1 idea of negative impact on, the environment / ecosystems / habitat / food webs / food chain ; 2 decreases biodiversity ; 3 large / fast, increase in number ; 4 competition for (named) resources ; 5 ref. to new disease ; 6 may be toxic or few animals able to eat it ; 7 attracts pollinators (away from native species) ; © UCLES 2023 Page 18 of 18

2(a) 1 number of / range of (different), ecosystems / habitats ; 2 2 number of species and their relative abundance ; 2(b) any three from: 3 1 to, store / contain, multiple / many, genome / DNA / nucleotide, sequences ; 2 to, align / compare / search, sequences ; 3 to, process / analyse / sort / calculate from, large quantities of data ; 4 to, share / access, data / information from, others / elsewhere ; 5 to save time / fast(er) ; 2(c)(i) Anopheles ; 1 2(c)(ii) three / 3 ; 1 2(d)(i) any three from: 3 1 less able / not able, to, adapt / evolve ; 2 little variation for selection to act on ; 3 few(er) (potentially), useful / beneficial, alleles ; 4 all / most, (could be) killed by same, disease / selection pressure ; 5 if due to small population size this decreases species survival chance ; 2(d)(ii) low(er) genetic variation means high(er), conservation status / threat / vulnerability / endangerment / risk of extinction ; 1 2(d)(iii) any three from: 3 does not support because 1 chimpanzee has, most / highest, genetic variation but is, EN / endangered ; 2 minke whale has (joint), least / lowest, genetic variation but is, LC / least concern ; 3 genetic variation, similar / same, but conservation status is different ; 4 example ; 5 gorilla is, most / critically, endangered but has high(er) genetic variation ; 6 AVP ; e.g. ref. to data limited to only seven species © UCLES 2023 Page 8 of 16

8(a)(i) chemoreceptor ; 1 8(a)(ii) any two from: 2 1 (different mycobacterial species produce) the same / similar, chemicals / proteins ; 2 (since) share common ancestors / same genus / share many genes / closely related ; 3 same chemoreceptors stimulated ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 15 of 21 8(b) 2 kingdom Animalia phylum Chordata class Mammalia order Rodentia family Nesomyidae genus Cricetomys species gambianus 4 correct = 2 marks 1 / 2 / 3 correct = 1 mark © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 16 of 21 8(c) any four from: 4 comparative statements required Eukarya Bacteria 1 linear DNA and plasmids / circular DNA ; 2 histones and no histones ; 3 cell walls only in some and cell walls in all ; 4 cellulose / chitin, cell walls and peptidoglycan cell wall ; 5 divide by mitosis and divide by binary fission ; 6 some sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction ; 7 (70S and) 80S ribosomes and 70S ribosomes (only) ; 8 have cells > 5 m diameter and cells1–5 m diameter ; 8(d) any two from: 2 1 have DNA or RNA ; 2 nucleic acid is double or single stranded ; 3 AVP ; e.g.presence or absence of phospholipid envelope presence or absence of tail sheath type of host type of disease caused © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 17 of 21

8(a) any three from: 3 1 assess / categorise / rank, species, threat level / conservation status ; 2 ref. to Red List (of Threatened Species) 3 influence / advise, countries / governments / policy makers ; 4 educate / raise awareness ; 5 promote sustainable, use / management, of (natural) resources ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 12 of 15 8(b) any six from: 6 biological species (concept) 1 no / not separate species / same species ; 2 as can, interbreed / breed together, to produce, fertile offspring / pizzly bears or they are not reproductively isolated ; morphological species (concept) 3 yes / separate species / different species ; 4 as have different, colours / mass / size / hump size ; ecological species (concept) 5 yes / separate species / different species ; 6 as have different, niches / diets / habitats ; genetic / phylogenetic, species (concept) 7 unsure / don’t know ; 8 as no information about genetic similarity ; 9 AVP ; 8(c)(i) 2 3 n  n  G. hapalotricha = 0.194 and = 0.037 ;   N N 2  n  total = 0.272 ;   N D = 0.728 ; 8(c)(ii) undisturbed / higher D, has, larger / higher / more, (food), diversity / variation ; 1 © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 13 of 15

9(a) any four from: 4 1 not predated / predators killed (as toxic) ; 2 eats / decreases numbers, of, native / local, species ; 3 disrupts, food web / food chain / ecosystem ; 4 can spread to other areas / numbers increase rapidly ; 5 reduces biodiversity ; 6 can cause extinction (in, native / local, species) ; 7 competes (with native species) for, space / breeding areas / food / water / resources ; 8 introduces / new, disease ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 18 of 20 9(b) A eggs for ova / oocytes 4 any four from: 1 (females) given, hormones / FSH, to stimulate maturation of, ova / oocytes or (females) given, hormones / FSH, to stimulate superovulation ; 2 ova / oocyte, collection / harvesting ; 3 sperm added to, ova / oocytes or ref. to fertilisation ; 4 sperm from genetically distant male / AW ; 5 embryos, checked / selected ; 6 embryo placed into uterus ; 7 some embryos can be frozen ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 19 of 20

9(a)(i) 367 (%) ;; 2 allow 1 mark for: (738540)  100 540 or 36.66666667 9(a)(ii) any four from: 4 1 increase in temperature / global warming ; 2 sea levels increase ; 3 habitat change / example ; e.g. forest fires / ocean acidification 4 food web / food chain / ecosystem, disrupted ; 5 change in biodiversity ; 6 ref. to extinction ; 7 AVP ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 18 of 20 9(b) any four from: 4 1 may have future use ; 2 aesthetic / ethical / cultural, reasons ; 3 medical uses / example ; 4 ecotourism ; 5 idea of maintaining stability in, ecosystems / food chains / food webs ; 6 resource material ; e.g. wood for building / fibres for clothes / food (for humans) / agriculture 7 maintain / increase, gene pool / genetic diversity ; 8 ref. to soil stability / desertification ;

9(a) any four from: 4 1 both, eukaryotic / eukaryotes / in domain Eukarya ; 2 example of eukaryotic feature ; Protoctista 3 example of way in which they vary (must give both) ; Fungi (max 3) 4 cell wall of, chitin / mannan / glucan ; 5 hyphae / mycelium ; 6 multinucleate / syncytium / many nuclei per cell ; 7 heterotrophic / saprotrophic / parasitic ; 8 store glycogen ; 9 reproduce by spores ; 9(b)(i) any three from: 3 1 measures / gives information about, air, quality / pollution ; 2 other species may be harmed by, sulfur dioxide / acid rain / decrease in lichen (abundance / diversity) ; 3 ref. to food web / species that feed on lichens ; 4 AVP ; 9(b)(ii) any two from: 2 1 role in food web / eaten by other (named) species ; 2 provide, shelter / camouflage (for insects / invertebrates) ; 3 clean the air / remove (named) pollutants / absorb toxins ; 4 may have medical use ; 5 ref. to other practical use ; 6 primary colonisers / pioneer species / soil formation ; 7 ethical / moral / aesthetic, reason ; 8 to conserve genetic diversity / future use for genes ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 14 of 15

9(a) any three from: 3 1 loss of habitat / example ; 2 hunted / poaching / increased predation ; 3 climate change / example ; 4 competition for, food / resources / example ; 5 new disease ; 6 illegal pet / fur, trade ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 16 of 19 9(b) 1 large / steep, increase from 1980 to 1990 ; 3 2 plateau / remains constant or slight changes / fluctuates ; 3 data quote (two numbers and two years) ; year number of lemurs born 1970 5 1980 32 / 33 1990 175 2000 175 2010 184 / 185 2020 170 9(c)(i) any three from: 3 1 stress (in captivity) ; 2 reproductive cycle disrupted ; 3 may reject mate / refuse to breed / do not have correct (courtship) behaviour ; 4 lack of suitable mates ; 5 enclosure too small / not natural environment ; 6 expensive ; 7 AVP ; e.g. inbreeding © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 17 of 19 9(c)(ii) increase / maintain, genetic diversity / heterozygosity / hybrid vigour / gene pool 1 OR reduce, inbreeding depression / homozygosity ; Question Answer Marks

9(a) any four from: 4 1 both, eukaryotic / eukaryotes / in domain Eukarya ; 2 example of eukaryotic feature ; Protoctista 3 example of way in which they vary (must give both) ; Fungi (max 3) 4 cell wall of, chitin / mannan / glucan ; 5 hyphae / mycelium ; 6 multinucleate / syncytium / many nuclei per cell ; 7 heterotrophic / saprotrophic / parasitic ; 8 store glycogen ; 9 reproduce by spores ; 9(b)(i) any three from: 3 1 measures / gives information about, air, quality / pollution ; 2 other species may be harmed by, sulfur dioxide / acid rain / decrease in lichen (abundance / diversity) ; 3 ref. to food web / species that feed on lichens ; 4 AVP ; 9(b)(ii) any two from: 2 1 role in food web / eaten by other (named) species ; 2 provide, shelter / camouflage (for insects / invertebrates) ; 3 clean the air / remove (named) pollutants / absorb toxins ; 4 may have medical use ; 5 ref. to other practical use ; 6 primary colonisers / pioneer species / soil formation ; 7 ethical / moral / aesthetic, reason ; 8 to conserve genetic diversity / future use for genes ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2024 Page 14 of 15

7(a)(i) 10.8 (year–1) ; ; 2 if value for rate is incorrect allow 1 mark for: 1010−470 540 or 50 50 7(a)(ii) any three from: 3 1 ban, hunting / poaching / trade ; 2 enforcement / strict penalties ; 3 national parks / protected reserves / habitat protection / AW ; 4 tracking devices / monitoring ; 5 raise awareness / education ; 6 AVP ; e.g. veterinary care © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 14 of 19 7(b) any four from: 4 1 maintain, gene pool / genetic diversity ; 2 ecotourism ; 3 ethical / moral, reasons ; 4 reference to effect on, ecosystems / food chains / food webs ; 5 aesthetic reasons ; 6 idea of research ; 7 cultural significance ; 8 pollination ; 9 AVP ; e.g. keystone species © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 15 of 19 7(c) 4 correct order letter 1 C 2 G 3 A 4 F 5 D 6 B 7 E CGA in correct order ; ignore intervening letters CGA above F ; DBE in correct order ;ignore intervening letters DBE below F ; Question Answer Marks

5(a)(i) directional (selection) ; 1 5(a)(ii) curve with starting point (on x-axis), peak and end point (on x-axis) all to the right of the original positions ; 1 5(b) any four from: 4 1 disruptive / diversifying (selection) ; 2 selection pressure is, seed / food (availability / size) ; 3 competition for, food / seeds ; 4 (birds with) intermediate bills cannot eat small and large seeds ; 5 extreme / small and large, phenotypes / bills, more likely to survive / have selective advantage / selected for ; 6 correct description of change in allele frequency ; 5(c)(i) r / 0.930 / calculated value, is greater than critical value for n = 5 ; 2 at (probability level) 0.05 ; 5(c)(ii) any four from: 4 invasive alien species / they, may: 1 change / disrupt, food, chains / webs ; 2 compete for food with / feed on same food as / occupy same niche as, native, species / organisms ; 3 prey on / graze / eat, native, species / organisms ; 4 introduce (new), disease / parasites ; 5 change / damage, the habitat ; 6 be toxic / threaten human health ; 7 damage, tourism / agriculture ; 5(c)(iii) any two from: 2 1 climate change ; 2 hunting by humans ; 3 degradation / loss, of habitat ; 4 (named) pollution ; 5 disease ; 6 (named) natural disasters ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 13 of 17

9(a) any three from: 3 1 (domains are) Archaea and Bacteria ; 2 membrane lipids ester-linked (Bacteria) vs. ether-linked / not ester-linked (Archaea) ; 3 single type of rRNA (Bacteria) vs. 3 types (Archaea) or Archaea, rRNA / ribosomal subunit, similar to eukaryotic ; 4 peptidoglycan (Bacteria) vs. not peptidoglycan / different (Archaea) ; 5 AVP ; 9(b) 3 taxon name domain Eukarya ; kingdom Animalia ; phylum Chordata class Mammalia order Carnivora family Felidae genus Panthera ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 16 of 17

9(a) any four from: 4 1 ref. to quadrat of, known / same / standard, area / size ; 2 ref. to setting out a grid ; 3 random number generator (to produce coordinates) for quadrat placement ; 4 use a key ; 5 count number of species / numbers of individuals of each species / abundance / percentage cover / ACFOR / Braun- Blanquet ; 6 ref. to large sample size / repeats ; 7 (use results to calculate) Simpson’s Index of Biodiversity / species density ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 23 of 25 9(b)(i) – 0.923 ;;; 3 allow 2 marks if no minus allow 2 marks if not three decimal places allow 2 marks if incorrect value of n used if n is 10 answer = – 2.333 if n is 120 answer = 0.998 9(b)(ii) r  critical value 2 s or 0.923  0.504 ; null hypothesis rejected as there is a, significant / strong / negative, correlation or null hypothesis rejected as correlation not due to chance / probability that correlation due to chance is less than 5% ; ecf from 9(b)(i) © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 24 of 25

8(a) 1 prevents illegal, trading / poaching / hunting ; 3 2 trading requires permits / trading is regulated ; 3 ref. to awareness / education ; 8(b) any four from: 4 1 multicellular ; 2 eukaryote / eukaryotic / (cells), contain a nucleus ; 3 specialised cells / tissues / organs ; 4 heterotrophic (nutrition) / described ; 5 nervous system ; 6 (some cells have) cilia / flagella ; 7 mobile / motile / locomotion ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 17 of 20

10(a) any three from: 3 1 self-contained unit ; 2 community of organisms ; A idea of several species 3 biotic and abiotic factors / named ; 4 ref. to interaction ; 5 AVP ; e.g. flow of energy and cycling of minerals / nutrients 10(b)(i) any three from: 3 1 (frogs are) mobile ; 2 marking, not harmful / cannot be removed ; 3 (sufficient time for) marked individuals to mix with rest of population ; 4 no, births / deaths or no, immigration / emigration / migration or constant population size ; 10(b)(ii) 69 ;; 2 must be a whole number, one mark only if not whole number 27  33 13 credit working if wrong answer © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 20 of 20

4(a) 4 Kingdom species may be species may have species may show unicellular cell walls autotrophic nutrition Animalia no no no ; Fungi yes yes no ; Plantae no yes yes ; Protoctista yes yes yes ; one mark per correct row 4(b) A = metaphase I ; 3 B = telophase I ; A anaphase I C = anaphase II ; A telophase II © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 16 of 27 4(c) 1. Bacteria and Archaea ; 3 plus any two from: Bacteria Archaea 2 cell wall peptidoglycan no peptidoglycan ; 3 cell membrane ester-linked ether-linked ; lipids / unbranched lipids / branched hydrocarbon chains hydrocarbon chains 4 spores form spores do not form spores ; 5 DNA associated no histones have histones ; proteins 6 ribosomal RNA / rRNA are different ; (base sequences) or ribosomes (structure) 4(d) any two from: 2 1 RNA or DNA ; 2 single-stranded or double-stranded (nucleic acid) ; 3 AVP ; e.g. how mRNA is produced / enveloped or non-enveloped / linear or circular / which diseases they cause / capsid shape © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 17 of 27

6(a)(i) any three from: 3 1 identify / protect / prioritise, species most at risk ; 2 provide data to / advise, governments / scientists / zoos / industry ; 3 so action can be taken to protect a species ; 4 example of conservation action ; 5 AVP ; 6(a)(ii) in Europe / west or where, endangered / EN (context must be stated) 2 1 P. arion less abundant (compared to, Asia / NT) ; 2 more threatened / higher risk of extinction ; 3 AVP ; 6(b)(i) 1 habitat, degradation / change / loss ; 2 2 due to, (change in) farming / development ; 3 lack of, food plants / flowers for food ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 14 of 18 6(b)(ii) any four from: 4 1 prevent extinction / allow survival (of species) ; 2 maintain / increase, biodiversity ; 3 aesthetic / recreational / wellbeing (reasons / benefits) ; 4 for, scientific interest / research / education ; 5 ethical / moral / stewardship (obligation) ; 6 local cultural significance / save local heritage / ecotourism ; 7 maintain / protect / restore / stability of, food chains / food webs ; 8 pollination / ecosystem, services ; Question Answer Marks

8(a) any four from : 4 1 (named) protected reserves ; 2 limit palm oil plantations / ref. to sustainable palm oil production ; 3 restoring lost habitat / reforestation / reduce deforestation ; 4 captive breeding programs ; 5 release into wild ; 6 ban, hunting / trade; 7 raise awareness / education ; 8 ref. to research ; 8(b) 1 ecosystem / habitat (diversity) ; 3 2 species (diversity / richness) ; 3 genetic (diversity) ; 8(c)(i) 0.2034 ; 2 0.3072 ; allow ecf for mp2 if both incorrect allow ecf for mp2 if figure correct in both but not to 4dp 8(c)(ii) 0.6928 / 0.693 ; 1 allow ecf for 1 minus their answer to 8ci © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 19 of 23 8(c)(iii) (D) close(r) to 1 / higher than 0.5 ; 2 (so) high(er) (bio)diversity ; Question Answer Marks

6(a)(i) any three from: 3 1 identify / protect / prioritise, species most at risk ; 2 provide data to / advise, governments / scientists / zoos / industry ; 3 so action can be taken to protect a species ; 4 example of conservation action ; 5 AVP ; 6(a)(ii) in Europe / west or where, endangered / EN (context must be stated) 2 1 P. arion less abundant (compared to, Asia / NT) ; 2 more threatened / higher risk of extinction ; 3 AVP ; 6(b)(i) 1 habitat, degradation / change / loss ; 2 2 due to, (change in) farming / development ; 3 lack of, food plants / flowers for food ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 14 of 18 6(b)(ii) any four from: 4 1 prevent extinction / allow survival (of species) ; 2 maintain / increase, biodiversity ; 3 aesthetic / recreational / wellbeing (reasons / benefits) ; 4 for, scientific interest / research / education ; 5 ethical / moral / stewardship (obligation) ; 6 local cultural significance / save local heritage / ecotourism ; 7 maintain / protect / restore / stability of, food chains / food webs ; 8 pollination / ecosystem, services ; Question Answer Marks

7(a) 1 phylum ; 3 2 order ; 3 Strigops ; 7(b) any three from: 3 1 no / few, humans ; 2 no / few, predators ; 3 sufficient, vegetation / food ; 4 places to hide during day ; 5 AVP ; 7(c) any four from: 4 1 inbreeding depression / little hybrid vigour ; 2 low / decreased, genetic, diversity / variation or small gene pool ; 3 disadvantageous recessive alleles (more likely to be) expressed ; 4 infertility / low disease resistance / reduced fitness ; 5 low / decreased, ability to adapt or high / increased, risk of extinction ; 6 AVP ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2025 Page 14 of 17

1(a) any three from: 3 1 habitat loss ; 2 climate change ; 3 increased hunting ; 4 increased competition / lack of food ; 5 increased predation ; 6 new disease ; ignore disease unqualified 7 effects of pesticides / fertilisers / pollution ; 1(b) any three from: 3 1 temperature, warmer than 25 °C / colder than 17 °C ; 2 dry environment ; 3 use, fungicides / antifungals / disinfectants / biological control ; 4 prevent entry of / remove, infected / carrier, frogs ; 5 monitoring for, fungus / disease ; A before or after re-introduction © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2026 Page 8 of 25 1(c) any four from: 4 1 eukaryotic / have nucleus ; 2 no, chlorophyll / chloroplasts ; 3 heterotrophic / saprophytic / saprotrophic / parasitic / described ; 4 cell walls made of, chitin / mannoproteins / glucans ; 5 reproduce by spores ; 6 hyphae / mycelium ; 7 multinucleate / AW ; 8 either multicellular or unicellular ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2026 Page 9 of 25

6(a)(i) domain: Eukarya ; 2 ALLOW Eukaryota / eukaryote(s) / phonetic spelling genus: Ailurus and species: (Ailurus / A.) fulgens ; CON for small ‘a’ for Ailurus or big ‘F’ for fulgens 6(a)(ii) 1 similar / shared, (described) morphological features / DNA 2 1 ALLOW share, physical / anatomical / biochemical, sequences, to, other Carnivora / others in that order ; features / traits / characteristics with Carnivora 2 shared, common ancestor / phylogeny / evolutionary relationships (with, other Carnivora / others in that order) ; 6(b) any three from: 3 IGNORE advice for future actions (yes / successful, because): 1 (red panda species) has not, died out / gone extinct OR 1 ALLOW insurance population maintained genetic variation preserved ; (no / unsuccessful, because): 2 habitat loss / wild population decline, has, continued / not 2 ALLOW habitats not, conserved / protected / restored stopped ; 3 few reintroductions have occurred / reintroduction only 4 e.g. captive bred / zoo bred / released, animals may not started in 2011 ; survive in wild 4 AVP ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2026 Page 16 of 23 Trace ID: PC-791D658355 Re-uploading, mirroring or re-hosting this file on any other website or domain is unauthorised and traceable. Licensed for hosting on papacambridge.com only. P97a00p/4a1 CMaarkm Scbhermide gJuene 2·0 2p6 a| Spoaurccea: mpapbarciadmgbreid.gceo.comm 9700/41 Mark Scheme June 2026 Downloaded from PapaCambridge - https://papacambridge.com/ 6(c) any five from: 5 1 increase birth rate / overcome reluctance to mate ; 2 IVF / in vitro fertilisation / fertilisation in test tube ; 2 ALLOW petri dish for ‘test tube’ 3 hormone / FSH / LH, so produce many (mature), eggs / oocytes / follicles OR hormone / FSH/ LH, for superovulation / to increase ovulation ; 4 harvest, oocytes / eggs (from, ovary / oviduct), and 4 ALLOW take gametes from both male and female sperm(atazoa) ; 5 embryo transfer / introduce embryo, to uterus ; 6 hormone / oestrogen / progesterone, prepares, uterus lining / endometrium ; 7 correct ref. to surrogate, mother / female ; 7 CON in wrong context e.g. AI / SCNT 8 of, same / related, species ; 8 ALLOW another red panda (female) 9 AVP ; 9, 10 e.g. artificial insemination / AI / semen placed in uterus 10 AVP ; embryo screening / select healthy embryos to implant zoos exchange, sperm / embryos, for genetic diversity OR frozen, ova / semen, from dead pandas, for genetic diversity OR sperm bank for, genetic diversity / store alleles idea © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2026 Page 17 of 23 Trace ID: PC-791D658355 Re-uploading, mirroring or re-hosting this file on any other website or domain is unauthorised and traceable. Licensed for hosting on papacambridge.com only. P97a00p/4a1 CMaarkm Scbhermide gJuene 2·0 2p6 a| Spoaurccea: mpapbarciadmgbreid.gceo.comm 9700/41 Mark Scheme June 2026 Downloaded from PapaCambridge - https://papacambridge.com/

7(a) class 2 and family ; Coenagrion and (Coenagrion) mercuriale ; 7(b) any four from: 4 Animalia Plantae 1 no, chloroplasts / chlorophyll vs chloroplasts / chlorophyll ; 2 heterotrophic / cannot vs autotrophic / phototroph / can ; photosynthesise / described photosynthesise / described 3 no cell walls vs cell walls ; 4 vacuoles, small / temporary vs vacuoles, large / permanent ; 5 glycogen (store) vs starch (store) ; 6 locomotion / motility / mobility vs no, ; locomotion / motility / mobility 7 nervous system vs no nervous system ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2026 Page 17 of 23 Trace ID: PC-913B5F5E92 Re-uploading, mirroring or re-hosting this file on any other website or domain is unauthorised and traceable. Licensed for hosting on papacambridge.com only. P97a00p/4a2 CMaarkm Scbhermide gJuene 2·0 2p6 a| Spoaurccea: mpapbarciadmgbreid.gceo.comm 9700/42 Mark Scheme June 2026 Downloaded from PapaCambridge - https://papacambridge.com/ 7(c)(i) any four from: 4 1 habitat, destruction / loss Ignore deforestation or decrease in, open vegetation / slow-flowing water or ref. to (now) fast-flowing water ; 2 (named) water pollution ; 3 reduction in, (named) food (supply) / prey (numbers) or increased competition for food ; 4 increased predation ; A new predator 5 (named) climate change ; e.g. flooding / drought / change in water temperature / global warming 6 new disease ; 7(c)(ii) any two from: 2 1 (flying insects / adults) difficult to, (re)capture / mark ; 2 idea of adults not alive long enough to be caught twice / adults may die before being caught for the second time / new adults emerge before recapture ; 3 ref. to migration ; 4 small population ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2026 Page 18 of 23 Trace ID: PC-913B5F5E92 Re-uploading, mirroring or re-hosting this file on any other website or domain is unauthorised and traceable. Licensed for hosting on papacambridge.com only. P97a00p/4a2 CMaarkm Scbhermide gJuene 2·0 2p6 a| Spoaurccea: mpapbarciadmgbreid.gceo.comm 9700/42 Mark Scheme June 2026 Downloaded from PapaCambridge - https://papacambridge.com/

7(a) any three from: 3 1 habitat, destruction / loss ; A deforestation 2 reduction in, food (supply) / prey (numbers) or increased competition for food ; 3 hunted (by humans) for, food / bushmeat or increased predation ; A new predator 4 (named) climate change ; e.g. drought / global warming 5 new disease ; 6 illegal pet trade ; 7(b) any four from: 4 1 IVF / in vitro fertilisation ; 2 hormone(s) / FSH / LH, to stimulate (super)ovulation ; 3 idea of in vitro, fertilisation of eggs / production of embryos ; 4 embryo transfer / introduce embryo, to uterus ; 5 ref. to surrogacy ; 6 and 7 AVP ; ; e.g. artificial insemination / AI same / related species ref. to embryo screening ref. to outbreeding for genetic diversity ref. to frozen ova / semen / embryos / frozen zoo, for, future use / as a gene bank © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2026 Page 15 of 20 Trace ID: PC-C51CA5D8F2 Re-uploading, mirroring or re-hosting this file on any other website or domain is unauthorised and traceable. Licensed for hosting on papacambridge.com only. P97a00p/4a3 CMaarkm Scbhermide gJuene 2·0 2p6 a| Spoaurccea: mpapbarciadmgbreid.gceo.comm 9700/43 Mark Scheme June 2026 Downloaded from PapaCambridge - https://papacambridge.com/ 7(c)(i) correct working ; [33  46] ÷ 9 (=168.7) 2 169 ; 7(c)(ii) any three from: 3 1 (large / flightless so) easy to, mark / catch ; 2 (cockroaches) are mobile ; 3 no migration ; 4 constant / large, population size ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2026 Page 16 of 20 Trace ID: PC-C51CA5D8F2 Re-uploading, mirroring or re-hosting this file on any other website or domain is unauthorised and traceable. Licensed for hosting on papacambridge.com only. P97a00p/4a3 CMaarkm Scbhermide gJuene 2·0 2p6 a| Spoaurccea: mpapbarciadmgbreid.gceo.comm 9700/43 Mark Scheme June 2026 Downloaded from PapaCambridge - https://papacambridge.com/

3(a) any four from: 4 1 habitat, destruction / loss ; A deforestation 2 (illegal) trade / human hunting / poaching ; 3 decreased, food (supply) / prey (numbers) or increased competition for food ; 4 increased predation ; A new predator 5 (named) climate change e.g. drought / global warming or pollution ; 6 new disease ; 3(b) 146 / 145 ;; 2 max 1 mark if answer not to whole number 3(c) any three from: 3 1 (respiration) involves (named) enzyme ; 2 low kinetic energy ; 3 fewer collisions between enzyme and substrate / fewer enzyme-substrate complexes formed ; 4 lower rate of diffusion (of named metabolite) ; e.g. oxygen / glucose 5 AVP ; e.g. less NAD available © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2026 Page 11 of 22 Trace ID: PC-C13BFDE7F5 Re-uploading, mirroring or re-hosting this file on any other website or domain is unauthorised and traceable. Licensed for hosting on papacambridge.com only. P97a00p/4a4 CMaarkm Scbhermide gJuene 2·0 2p6 a| Spoaurccea: mpapbarciadmgbreid.gceo.comm 9700/44 Mark Scheme June 2026 Downloaded from PapaCambridge - https://papacambridge.com/ 3(d) any four from: 4 1 multicellular ; 2 heterotrophic ; 3 eukaryotic / nucleus ; 4 reproduction (mostly) sexual ; 5 ref. to glycogen (store) ; 6 motile / mobile ; 7 nervous system ; © Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2026 Page 12 of 22 Trace ID: PC-C13BFDE7F5 Re-uploading, mirroring or re-hosting this file on any other website or domain is unauthorised and traceable. Licensed for hosting on papacambridge.com only. P97a00p/4a4 CMaarkm Scbhermide gJuene 2·0 2p6 a| Spoaurccea: mpapbarciadmgbreid.gceo.comm 9700/44 Mark Scheme June 2026 Downloaded from PapaCambridge - https://papacambridge.com/